Infection, toxicity, inflammation, gut-brain dysregulation, and traumatic brain injury can all induce psychiatric manifestations which masquerade as depression and other psychiatric disorders. Using the diagnosis of depression as a model, we illustrate how setting aside the unrealistic expectation of a pathognomonic “fingerprint” for categorical diagnoses, we can avoid missing the biological and, therefore, treatable contributors to psychopathology which can and are visualized using functional neuroimaging. Nevertheless, the American Psychiatric Association (APA) recently published a position paper stating that neuroimaging provided no benefit to the diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric disorders. The categorical system which dominates psychiatric diagnosis and thinking fails to match up to the real world of genetics, sophisticated psychological testing, and neuroimaging. Today, we know a great deal about the workings of the brain yet, none of this neurobiological awareness has translated into the practice of psychiatry. While early efforts in psychiatry were focused on uncovering the neurobiological basis of psychiatric symptoms, they made little progress due to limited ability to observe the living brain. 16Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.15Nuclear Medicine, Lions Gate Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.14Consultant Physician, Perth, WA, Australia.13Diagnostic Nuclear Medicine, Hollywood Private Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia.12Fremantle-School of Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Fremantle, WA, Australia.11PathFinder Brain SPECT, Deerfield, IL, United States.10Nuclear Medicine, Southlake Regional Health Centre, Newmarket, ON, Canada.9Rossiter-Thornton Associates, Toronto, ON, Canada.8Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, United States 4International Society of Applied Neuroimaging, Denver, CO, United States.Theodore Henderson, Inc., Denver, CO, United States 2Neuro-Luminance, Inc., Denver, CO, United States.1The Synaptic Space, Inc., Denver, CO, United States. van Lierop 4,5 Mary McLean 4,6 John Michael Uszler 4,7,8 John F.
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